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Corruption is a form of dishonesty or a criminal offense which is undertaken by a person or an organization which is entrusted with a position of authority, essay on police corruption, in order to acquire illicit benefits or abuse power for one's personal gain. Corruption may involve many activities which include bribery and embezzlementand it may also involve practices which are legal in many countries. Corruption is most common in kleptocraciesoligarchiesnarco-statesand mafia states.
Corruption and crime are endemic sociological occurrences which appear with regular frequency in virtually all countries on a global scale in varying degrees and proportions. Each individual nation allocates domestic resources for the control and regulation of corruption and the deterrence of crime. Strategies which are undertaken in order to counter corruption are often summarized under the umbrella term anti-corruption. Additionally, essay on police corruption, global initiatives like the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 16 also have a targeted goal which is supposed to substantially reduce corruption in all of its forms.
Stephen D. Morris, [3] a professor of politics, wrote that political corruption is the illegitimate use of public power to benefit a private interest.
Economist Ian Senior defined corruption as an action to secretly provide a good or a service to a third party so that he or she can influence certain actions which benefit the corrupt, a third party, or both in which the corrupt agent has authority.
The effect of corruption in infrastructure is to increase costs and construction time, essay on police corruption, lower the quality and decrease the benefit. Corruption can occur on different scales.
Corruption ranges from small favors between a small number of people petty corruptionessay on police corruption to corruption that affects the government essay on police corruption a large scale grand corruptionand corruption that is so prevalent that it is part of the everyday structure of society, including corruption as one of the symptoms of organized crime Systemic corruption.
A number of indicators and tools have been developed which can measure different forms of corruption with increasing accuracy; [8] [9] but when those are impractical, one study suggests looking at bodyfat as a rough guide after finding that obesity of cabinet ministers in post-Soviet states was highly correlated with more accurate measures of corruption.
Petty corruption occurs at a smaller scale and takes place at the implementation end of public services when public officials meet the public. For example, in many small places such as registration offices, police stations, state licensing boards, [12] [13] and many other private and government sectors.
Grand corruption is defined as corruption occurring at the highest levels of government in a way that requires significant subversion of the political, legal and economic systems.
Such corruption is commonly found in countries with authoritarian or dictatorial governments but also in those without adequate policing of corruption. The government system in many countries is divided into the legislative, executive and judicial branches essay on police corruption an attempt to provide independent services that are less subject to grand corruption due to their independence from one another.
Systemic corruption or endemic corruption [16] is corruption which is primarily due to the weaknesses of an organization or process. It can be contrasted with individual officials or agents who act corruptly within the system. Factors which encourage systemic corruption include conflicting incentivesdiscretionary powers ; monopolistic powers ; lack of transparency ; low pay; and a culture of impunity. Corruption has been a major issue in China, where society depends heavily on personal relationships.
By the late 20th century that combined with the new lust for wealth, produced escalating corruption. Historian Keith Schoppa says that bribery was only one of the tools of Chinese corruption, essay on police corruption, which also included, essay on police corruption, "embezzlement, nepotism, smuggling, extortion, cronyism, kickbacks, deception, fraud, squandering of public money, illegal business transactions, stock manipulation and real estate fraud.
As a Post-Soviet Union country - Armenia is also facing corruption-related issues. This has been transferred to Armenia as well as other Soviet Union Member Republics as a heritage.
Armenia was a pleasant exception. After the Armenian Velvet Revolution in new government made the fight against corruption an official top priority. In Latin American countries, corruption is permitted as a result of the cultural norms of the institution.
In countries like the United States, there is a relatively strong sense of trust among strangers, one that is not found in Latin American essay on police corruption. In Latin American countries, this trust does not exist, whereas the social norms imply that no stranger is responsible for the wellbeing or happiness of another stranger.
Instead, the trust is found in acquaintances. Acquaintances are treated with trust and respect—a level of trust that is not found among acquaintances in countries like the United States. This is what permits for corruption in Latin American countries. If there is a strong enough trust within an administration that no one will betray the rest, corruptive policies will take place with ease, essay on police corruption. In the United States, this could not occur, as there is not a strong enough trust among the members of an administration to allow for corruption.
In Latin American countries, there is a stronger value in individuality, which includes that of acquaintances, unlike in countries like the United States, which fails to include acquaintances.
Per R. Klitgaard [26] corruption will occur if the corrupt gain is greater than the penalty multiplied by the likelihood of being caught and prosecuted. Since a high degree of monopoly and discretion accompanied by a low degree of transparency does not automatically lead to corruption, a fourth variable of "morality" or "integrity" has been introduced by others.
The moral essay on police corruption has an intrinsic component and refers to a "mentality problem", and an extrinsic component referring to circumstances like poverty, inadequate remuneration, inappropriate work conditions and inoperable or over-complicated essay on police corruption which demoralize people and let them search for "alternative" solutions.
According to a survey study, the following factors have been attributed as causes of corruption: [27]. It has been noted that in a comparison of the most corrupt with the least corrupt countries, essay on police corruption, the former group contains nations with huge socio-economic inequalities, and the latter contains essay on police corruption with a high degree of social and economic justice.
Corruption can occur in many sectors, whether they be public or private industry or even NGOs especially in public sector. However, only in democratically controlled institutions is there an interest of the public owner to develop internal mechanisms to fight active or passive corruption, whereas in private industry as well as in NGOs there is no public control.
Therefore, the owners' investors' or sponsors' profits are largely decisive. Public corruption includes corruption of the political process and of government agencies such as tax collectors and the police, as well as corruption in processes of allocating public funds for contracts, grants, and hiring.
Recent research by the World Bank suggests that who makes policy decisions elected officials or bureaucrats can be critical in determining the level of corruption because of the incentives different policy-makers face. Political corruption is the abuse of public power, office, or resources by elected government officials for personal gain, by extortion, soliciting or offering bribes. It can also take the form of office holders maintaining themselves in office by purchasing votes by enacting laws which use taxpayers' money.
The political act of graft American Englishis a well known and now global form of political corruption, being the unscrupulous and illegal use of a politician's authority for personal gain, essay on police corruption, when funds intended for public projects are intentionally misdirected in order to maximize the benefits to illegally private interests of the corrupted individual s and their cronies.
In some cases government institutions are "repurposed" or shifted away from their official mandate to serve other, often corrupt purposes. The Kaunas golden toilet case was a major Lithuanian scandal. Inthe municipality of Kaunas led by mayor Andrius Kupčinskas ordered that a shipping container was to be converted into an outdoor toilet at a cost oflitai aroundeuros.
Essay on police corruption was to also require 5, litai 1, euros in monthly maintenance costs. Despite the investment, the "Golden Toilet" remained closed for years due to the dysfunctionality and was a subject of a lengthy anti-corruption investigation into those who had created it and [33] the local municipality even considered demolishing the building at one point.
On 7 JulyCarnegie Endowment for International Peacea global think tank, released a report claiming the Emirati city, Dubaiof being an enabler of global corruption, crime and illicit financial flows. It stated that the global corrupt and criminal actors either operated through or from Dubai. The city was also called a haven for trade-based money launderingas it gives space to free trade zones, with minimal regulatory laws and essay on police corruption enforcement. One common form of police corruption is soliciting or accepting bribes in exchange for not reporting organized drug or prostitution rings or other illegal activities.
When civilians become witnesses to police brutalityofficers are often known to respond by harassing and intimidating the witnesses as retribution for reporting the misconduct. Police officers have also been known to sell forms of contraband that were taken during seizers such as confiscated drugsstolen property or weapons.
In essay on police corruption major cities, essay on police corruption, there are internal affairs sections to investigate suspected police corruption or misconduct. Similar entities include the British Independent Police Complaints Commission. Judicial corruption refers to the corruption-related misconduct of judgesthrough the receiving or giving of bribes, the improper sentencing of convicted criminals, bias in the hearing and judgement of arguments and other forms of misconduct.
Judicial corruption can also be conducted by prosecutors and defense attorneys. An example of prosecutorial essay on police corruptionoccurs when a politician or a crime boss bribes a prosecutor to open investigations and file charges against an opposing politician or a rival crime boss, in order to hurt the competition.
Governmental corruption of the judiciary is broadly known in many transitional and developing countries because the budget is almost completely controlled by the executive. The latter critically undermines the separation of powers, because it fosters financial dependence on the judiciary. The proper distribution of a nation's wealth, including its government's spending on the judiciary, is subject to constitutional economics.
It is important to draw distinctions between the two methods which are used to corrupt the judiciary: the government through budget planning and various privilegesand essay on police corruption private. Military corruption refers to the abuse of power by members in the armed forces, in order for career advancement or for personal gain by a soldier or soldiers.
One form of military corruption in the United States Armed Forcesis a military soldier being promoted in rank or being given better treatment than their colleagues by their officers, due to their racesexual orientationethnicitygenderreligious beliefssocial class or personal relationships with higher-ranking officers in spite of essay on police corruption merit. Another example of military corruption, is a military officer or officers using the power of their positions to commit activities that are illegal, such as skimming logistical supplies such as food, medicine, fuel, body armor or weapons to sell on the local black market.
Corruption, the abuse of entrusted power for private gain, as defined by Transparency International [53] is systemic essay on police corruption the health sector. The characteristics of health systems with their concentrated supply of a service, high discretionary power of its members controlling the supply, and low accountability to others are the exact constellation of the variables described by Klitgaard, on which corruption depends.
Corruption in health care is more dangerous than in any other sector, because it affects health outcomes and is literally deadly. InTransparency International has described the 6 most common ways of service corruption as follows: absenteeisminformal payments from patients, embezzlement, inflating services also the costs of services, favouritism and manipulation of data billing for goods and services that were never sent or done.
In criminologycorporate crime refers to crimes committed either by a corporation i. Some negative behaviours by corporations may not be essay on police corruption laws vary between jurisdictions.
For example, some jurisdictions allow insider trading. Petróleo Brasileiro S. The company's name translates to Brazilian Petroleum Corporation — Petrobras. The company was ranked No. Odebrecht is a privately held Brazilian conglomerate consisting of businesses in the fields of engineering, real estateconstruction, chemicals and petrochemicals.
The company was founded in in Salvador da Bahia by Norberto Odebrechtand the firm is now present in South America, Central America, North America, the Caribbean, Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Its leading company is Norberto Odebrecht Construtora [ pt ]. Inthe firm's executives were examined during Operation Car Wash part of an investigation over Odebrecht Organization bribes to executives of Petrobras, essay on police corruption, in exchange for contracts and influence.
Corruption in education is a worldwide phenomenon. Corruption in admissions to universities is traditionally considered one of the most corrupt areas of the education sector. Vouchers for university entrants have never materialized. Endemic corruption in educational institutions leads to the formation of sustainable corrupt hierarchies. The general public is well aware of the high level of corruption in colleges and universities, including thanks to the media.
In many societies and international organizations, education corruption remains a taboo. In some countries, such as certain eastern European countries, some Balkan countries and certain Asian countries, corruption occurs frequently in universities. a violation of social norms and if they fear sanctions regarding the severity and probability of sanctions, essay on police corruption. The Teamsters International Brotherhood of Teamsters is an example of how the civil RICO process can be used.
For decades, the Teamsters had been substantially controlled by La Cosa Nostra.
Retired cop explains what his job taught him about police brutality - New York Post
, time: 5:49Corruption - Wikipedia
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